Which of the following is a risk factor for developing chronic kidney disease?

Diabetes mellitus is a well-known risk factor for developing chronic kidney disease (CKD). This condition can lead to diabetic nephropathy, one of the leading causes of CKD. The persistent high blood glucose levels associated with diabetes can cause damage to the blood vessels in the kidneys, impairing their ability to filter waste effectively and leading to progressive kidney damage over time.

Individuals with diabetes are at an increased risk for kidney issues, especially if the diabetes is poorly controlled. The pathway includes factors such as hyperglycemia, hypertension, and dyslipidemia, all of which compound the risk of kidney injury. Regular monitoring of kidney function, awareness of managing blood sugar levels, and implementing lifestyle changes can help mitigate these risks.

In contrast, lower body mass index, increased physical activity, and high calcium intake generally do not pose a risk for CKD. In fact, maintaining a healthy weight and engaging in regular physical activity can be protective factors for kidney health. High calcium intake may have its own set of concerns but is not directly linked to an increased risk of CKD.