Which of the following findings may indicate the need for a referral to a urologist?

The identification of persistent hematuria as a reason for referral to a urologist is grounded in the need to investigate potential underlying causes that could indicate more serious conditions, such as urinary tract abnormalities, kidney stones, or malignancies of the urinary system. Hematuria, defined as the presence of blood in the urine, can be a significant clinical finding that warrants further evaluation to ensure that there are no obstructive or malignant processes at play.

In clinical practice, while some urinary symptoms like frequent urination without pain or occasional back pain may require assessment and management, they are often related to less severe conditions. Simple urinary tract infections, while potentially requiring treatment, typically do not necessitate referral unless there are recurrent infections or complications. Therefore, the urgency and potential seriousness of persistent hematuria make it a clear indication for referral to a urologist for further examination and diagnosis.